Change of Intraocular Pressure Over 5 Years and its Relationship to Cardiovascular Parameters: Results From the Gutenberg Health Study.

Purpose: To investigate the longitudinal change in intraocular pressure (IOP) over 5 years and its relationship with cardiovascular parameters in a population-based sample in Germany. Methods: The Gutenberg Health Study is a prospective, observational, single-center cohort study. The sample was equally stratified for sex, residence, and age decade. IOP was measured with noncontact tonometry at baseline and at 5-year follow-up. Cardiovascular parameters, including body mass index (BMI), systolic blood pressure, and diabetes status, were assessed. Participants without IOP measurement at one time point, who were taking IOP-lowering medications, or who had ophthalmic surgery during the 5-year follow-up interval were excluded, as well as those with glaucoma diagnosis. Univariable and multivariable linear regression analyses were conducted. Results: This analysis included 9633 participants (48.9% female). The mean IOP increased from 14.04 ± 2.78 mmHg at baseline to 14.77 ± 2.92 mmHg at 5-year follow-up (P < 0.001). In multivariable linear regression analyses, an increase in BMI was associated with an increase in IOP over time (P < 0.001), whereas a higher baseline BMI was associated with a lower IOP change (P < 0.001). Higher age and male sex were associated with higher IOP change (P < 0.001). A change in systolic blood pressure was associated with IOP change, whereas baseline systolic blood pressure and diabetes status were not associated. Conclusions: This population-based study found a relationship between IOP change over 5 years and BMI and systolic blood pressure change, respectively. These findings suggest the importance of monitoring cardiovascular risk factors in IOP management.

Suicidal ideation and attempts in adults seeking outpatient psychodynamic psychotherapy.

Suicide is an important cause of death in patients with mental health disorders, but little is known about the occurrence of suicidal ideation and attempts in outpatient psychotherapy patients. The aim of this study was to identify the proportion of patients with and correlates of suicidal ideation and attempts in community-based psychotherapy practices. Using 983 applications for reimbursement of psychotherapy from individual patients, reports about suicidal thoughts and suicide attempts were extracted along with demographic, biographic and clinical data. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify correlates of suicidal ideation and attempts by calculating odds ratios (ORs). Among the patients, 19% presented with suicidal thoughts (11% currently and 8% in the past) and 6% with suicide attempts. Important correlates of suicidal thoughts were male gender (OR 1.7), lower education (OR 1.8), early retirement (OR 2.9), death of a parent when younger than 5 years old (OR 3.3), violence experienced from various people (OR 2.1), self-harm behaviour (OR 7.9) and alcohol misuse (OR 1.7). Suicide attempts were associated with male gender (OR 5.6), lower education (OR 4.2), violence experienced from partner (OR 2.5) or from various people (OR 9.5) and self-harm behaviour (OR 15.0). These results show that the proportion of suicidal patients seeking outpatient psychotherapy is high. It should therefore be a central topic in clinical training. Biographic data such as the loss of a parent at an early age or experiencing violence are associated with who is at increased risk and should be explored in detail.

[Is the number of psychotherapy sessions for patients with depression associated with the severity of the disease?] / Hängen die Stundenkontingente für ambulante Psychotherapie zur Behandlung von Depressionen mit deren Schweregrad zusammen?

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated how the number of sessions for outpatient psychodynamic psychotherapy among patients with depressive disorders is associated with the severity of the disease. METHODS: From a random sample of 1000 applications for reimbursement of outpatient psychodynamic psychotherapy, we selected those in which a diagnosis of depression with a severity rating (ICD-10 F32 or F33) was coded. The association of levels of depression severity (mild, moderate, and severe) with the number of sessions requested and the number of sessions endorsed by the reviewer was investigated using Spearman's rank correlation. If the application was for a continuation of an ongoing therapy, the previous sessions were taken into account too. RESULTS: A total of 521 (52%) applications contained a diagnosis of F32 and/or F33. Out of these, 63 (12%) were coded as mild, 349 (67%) as moderate, and 50 (10%) as severe. There were 75 sessions applied for in patients with mild depression (median), 50 in patients with moderate depression, and 50 in patients with severe depression, whereby the range within each severity group was considerable (10 to 327 sessions) and the correlation was low (Rho -0.10). The median number of endorsed sessions was 74 in patients with mild depression, 50 in patients with moderate, and 50 in patients with severe depression. Here, too, the range was high (0 sessions to 327 sessions) and the association weak (Rho -0.11). DISCUSSION: There is no evidence that psychotherapists determine the necessary number of sessions solely based on the severity of the diagnosis.